There is an increased risk of malignancy in all urinary diversions via intestinal segments compared to general population. Tumor development following ureterosigmoidostomy is well known complication and more than 200 cases were reported up to date. There is a growing population of patients who have undergone enterocystoplasties, conduits or continent bladder substitution. However, almost 100 of tumors in these type of procedures have been reported. Therefore, long-term surveillance of patients with urinary diversion and cystoplasty is mandatory. Exact mechanism is still unclear. There is strong evidence that carcinogenesis in patients with urinary diversions is multifactorial.