ABSTRACT

Upper urinary tract carcinoma is an urothelial malignancy and for 10% of all renal cancers. The prognostic factors for these tumors were initially limited with stage and tumour grade. Assessment of tumour grade, however, may show considerable variation due to inter- observer variability. Therefore, the discovery of new prognostic markers represents an important step for the evaluation of affected patients, not only to predict disease evolution and thus aiding surveillance strategies, but also to identify subgroups that might benefit from adjuvant cancer therapy.