ABSTRACT

As a result of improvement of the knowledge about cancer genetics and genomics, substantial developments have occurred in the clinical management of cancers. Molecular diagnosis and therapies targeted at altered genetic pathways are important stages of breast, colon, lung and other cancers. However, this progress is not effective in urologic malignancies as well. Recent studies suggest that Her2, epidermal growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, mTOR and others may have clinical benefits in urinary bladder cancers. In this article, recent developments in molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer, prognostic significance of molecular mechanisms, molecular tumor markers, and the role of molecular biomarkers reviewed.