ABSTRACT

Currently the accepted screening tools for prostate cancer are prostate specific antigen (PSA) and rectal examination. PSA is specific to prostate, but not to prostate cancer. Therefore, identifying prostate cancer only by serum PSA measurement has low specificity and may lead to false positive results and unnecessary biopsies. Due to these problems, it is investigated to increase the effectiveness of PSA and/or to find new biomarkers. However, it does not seem possible to have the adequate benefit from only one biomarker due to heterogeneous feature of prostate cancer. Therefore, in the recent years, combined use of biomarkers became a current issue and higher sensitivity and specificity rates were established.